The Fighting Mongoose

Philosophy, n. A route of many roads leading from nowhere to nothing. -Ambrose Bierce
A group weblog by the graduate philosophy students at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Tuesday, July 10, 2007

What is the relationship between semantics and pragmatics? Or, what is the connection between theories regarding formal languages and theories about natural languages?

Based on my (very) limited knowledge of Paul Grice's work, I offer an example of the word 'or'.

Formally speaking, the word 'or' expresses the logical connective 'v'. 'v', called a wedge, is a truth functional binary connective. A formula such as (P v Q) is true if and only if at least one of the disjuncts is true. The formula is false if and only if both disjuncts are false.

There is a rule of inference that allows us to infer from a true proposition P a disjunction containing P. If P is true, then (P v Q) is also true.

This is all well and good in our formal language, but it doesn't seem to make much sense in natural language. Let's say that I make some warranted assertion, like "Madison is the capital of Wisconsin." According to our above-mentioned rule of inference, I am also warranted in asserting something like "Madison is the capital of Wisconsin or the moon is made of Swiss cheese." It seems strange, though, that I would be warranted in asserting something like that.

Grice argues that pragmatically speaking, the rule regarding the use of 'or' is that we only use it when we feel that we aren't quite warranted in asserting either of the disjuncts. Each disjunct of a disjunction makes a stronger claim than the disjunction itself. For instance, the disjunction "The keys are on the desk, or they are on the couch" is a weaker statement than either of the disjuncts. If I was warranted in asserting either disjunct, then I'd have no reason to assert the disjunction.

Ok, that's fine. So how do the two types of 'or' relate? It seems to me that they don't at all. Am I missing something here? What's the connection?

67 Comments:

At 5:58 PM, Blogger Duckrabbit said...

According to the traditional literalist understanding of the semantics/pragmatics relationship, every sentence corresponds to a set of truth-conditions, which are set by the semantics of that language. (That means that "or" may get assigned to a semantic meaning that doesn't correspond to the truth table for "or" in logic.) A sentence’s semantic meaning may be determined by analyzing its syntax and applying a set of semantic rules.

The pragmatic analysis of an utterance is laid over the semantics. It's generated by taking the semantic interpretation as input and processing it together with contextual information. (Contextual information might include something like: "both the speaker and I know that the moon is not made of Swiss cheese," or it might include the speaker's gestures or the addressee's gender, stuff like that.) Although pragmatic content may enrich an utterance’s meaning in important and interesting ways, literalist doctrine insists that it can't affect a sentence’s semantic/literal/truth-conditional meaning.

I think that's wrong. I think that the lesson of later-Wittgenstein is that no interpretative task can be done without the use of contextual information, and particularly, information about what the speaker is "up to" in saying whatever she says. So I would argue that pragmatic processing and semantic processing run "in parallel" and take input from each other.

Grice doesn't take a clear stance on this question, as far as I can tell. Whenever he addresses this issue directly, he says literalist-sounding things. But then at other times, he'll talk as if contextual information can be used by a cognitive semantic processor to disambiguate semantic meanings.

 
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